Z SCORE TABLE
  • Z Table
    • Z Scores to Percentiles Chart
    • Z Score Calculator
    • Z Score Probability Calculator
    • Interactive Z Table
    • Z Score Formula
    • How to calculate the z score
    • How To Use Z-Score Table
    • Calculate Z-score
    • Parameters in Statistics
    • Z Score Chart Basics
    • History of Normal Distirbution
    • Statistics Z Score Jokes
    • When to Use Z Test vs T Test
    • Z Score Practice Problems
    • Confidence Interval Calculator >
      • Confidence Interval in Excel
      • 90 confidence interval z score
      • 95 Confidence Interval Z Score
      • 99 Confidence Interval Z Score
    • Z Score Confidence Interval
  • Statistics
    • Statistics Symbols
    • Statistics Formulas >
      • Binomial Coefficient
      • Empirical Rule
      • Correlation Coefficient
    • P Value Calculator >
      • P Value Calculator from Z Score
      • P Value Calculator from T Score
      • P Value Calculator from Chi-Square
      • P Value Calculator from F Ratio (ANOVA)
      • P Value Calculator from Pearson R
      • P Value Calculator Tukey's Q Score
    • Cumulative Binomial Probability Calculator
    • Normal CDF Calculator
    • Correlation Calculator
    • Probability Distribution Calculator
    • Interquartile Range Calculator
    • Empirical Rule Calculator
    • Mean, Median and Mode Calculator
    • Linear Regression Calculator
    • Sample Size Calculator
    • Other Statistical Tables >
      • T Value Table
      • Chi-Square Table
      • F Distribution Table
    • Standard Deviation Calculator
    • Normal vs Non-Normal Distribution: Understanding the Differences
    • Explanatory Variable: Understanding Its Role in Statistical Analysis
    • Independent variable vs dependent
    • Statistics Forum
  • Math
    • Combination Calculator
    • Permutation Calculator
    • Distance Between Two Points Calculator
    • Exploring 7 Unsolvable Math Problems >
      • Riemann Hypothesis
    • Math Problems >
      • Math Problems for 1st Graders
      • Math Problems for 2nd Graders
      • Math Problems for 3rd Graders
      • Math Problems for 4th Graders
      • Math Problems for 5th Graders
      • Math Problems for 6th Graders
      • Math Problems for 7th Graders
      • Math Problems for 8th Graders
      • Math Problems for 9th Graders
      • Math Problems for 10th Graders
      • Math Problems for 11th Graders
    • Times Tables >
      • 1 Times Table
      • 2 Times Table
      • 3 Times Table
      • 4 Times Table
      • 5 Times Table
      • 6 Times Table
      • 7 Times Table
      • 8 Times Table
      • 9 Times Table
      • 10 Times Table
    • Multiplication Tables >
      • Multiplication Table by 20
      • Multiplication Table by 19
      • Multiplication Table by 18
      • Multiplication Table by 17
      • Multiplication Table by 16
      • Multiplication Table by 15
      • Multiplication Table by 14
      • Multiplication Table by 13
      • Multiplication Table by 12
      • Multiplication Table by 11
      • Multiplication Table by 10
      • Multiplication Table by 9
      • Multiplication Table by 8
      • Multiplication Table by 7
      • Multiplication Table by 6
      • Multiplication Table by 5
      • Multiplication Table by 4
      • Multiplication Table by 3
    • Roman Numerals Chart
    • Roman Numerals >
      • Roman Numerals Converter
      • I Roman Numerals
      • II Roman Numerals
      • III Roman Numerals
      • IV Roman Numerals
      • V Roman Numerals
      • VI Roman Numerals
      • VII Roman Numerals
      • VIII Roman Numerals
      • IX Roman Numerals
      • X Roman Numerals
      • XI Roman Numerals
      • XII Roman Numerals
      • XIII Roman Numerals
      • XIV Roman Numerals
      • XV Roman Numerals
      • XVI Roman Numerals
      • XVII Roman Numerals
      • XVIII Roman Numerals
      • LXVI Roman Numerals
      • LXVII Roman Numerals
      • LXVIII Roman Numerals
      • LXIX Roman Numerals
      • LXX Roman Numerals
      • LXXI Roman Numerals
      • LXXII Roman Numerals
      • LXXIII Roman Numerals
      • LXXIV Roman Numerals
      • LXXV Roman Numerals
      • LXXVI Roman Numerals
      • LXXVII Roman Numerals
      • LXXVIII Roman Numerals
      • LXXIX Roman Numerals
      • LXXX Roman Numerals
      • LXXXI Roman Numerals
      • LXXXII Roman Numerals
      • LXXXIII Roman Numerals
      • LXXXIV Roman Numerals
      • LXXXV Roman Numerals
      • LXXXVI Roman Numerals
      • LXXXVII Roman Numerals
      • LXXXVIII Roman Numerals
      • LXXXIX Roman Numerals
      • XC Roman Numerals
      • XCI Roman Numerals
      • XCII Roman Numerals
      • XCIII Roman Numerals
      • XCIV Roman Numerals
      • XCV Roman Numerals
      • XCVI Roman Numerals
      • XCVII Roman Numerals
      • XCVIII Roman Numerals
      • XCIX Roman Numerals
      • C Roman Numerals
      • CI Roman Numerals
      • CII Roman Numerals
      • CIII Roman Numerals
      • CIV Roman Numerals
      • CV Roman Numerals
      • CVI Roman Numerals
      • CVII Roman Numerals
      • CVIII Roman Numerals
      • CIX Roman Numerals
      • CX Roman Numerals
      • CXI Roman Numerals
      • CXII Roman Numerals
      • CXIII Roman Numerals
      • CXIV Roman Numerals
      • CXV Roman Numerals
      • CXVI Roman Numerals
      • CXVII Roman Numerals
      • CXVIII Roman Numerals
      • CXIX Roman Numerals
      • CXX Roman Numerals
      • CXXI Roman Numerals
      • CXXII Roman Numerals
      • CXXIII Roman Numerals
      • CXXIV Roman Numerals
      • CXXV Roman Numerals
      • CXXVI Roman Numerals
      • CXXVII Roman Numerals
      • CXXVIII Roman Numerals
      • CXXIX Roman Numerals
      • CXXX Roman Numerals
      • CXXXI Roman Numerals
      • CXXXII Roman Numerals
      • CXXXIII Roman Numerals
      • CXXXIV Roman Numerals
      • CXXXV Roman Numerals
      • CXXXVI Roman Numerals
      • CXXXVII Roman Numerals
      • CXXXVIII Roman Numerals
      • CXXXIX Roman Numerals
      • CXL Roman Numerals
      • CXLI Roman Numerals
      • CXLII Roman Numerals
      • CXLIII Roman Numerals
      • CXLIV Roman Numerals
      • CXLV Roman Numerals
      • CXLVI Roman Numerals
      • CXLVII Roman Numerals
      • CXLVIII Roman Numerals
      • CXLIX Roman Numerals
      • CL Roman Numerals
      • CLI Roman Numerals
      • CLII Roman Numerals
      • CLIII Roman Numerals
      • CLIV Roman Numerals
      • CLV Roman Numerals
      • CLVI Roman Numerals
      • CLVII Roman Numerals
      • CLVIII Roman Numerals
      • CLIX Roman Numerals
      • CLX Roman Numerals
      • CLXI Roman Numerals
      • CLXII Roman Numerals
      • CLXIII Roman Numerals
      • CLXIV Roman Numerals
      • CLXV Roman Numerals
      • CLXVI Roman Numerals
      • CLXVII Roman Numerals
      • CLXVIII Roman Numerals
      • CLXIX Roman Numerals
      • CLXX Roman Numerals
      • CLXXI Roman Numerals
      • CLXXII Roman Numerals
      • CLXXIII Roman Numerals
      • CLXXIV Roman Numerals
      • CLXXV Roman Numerals
      • CLXXVI Roman Numerals
      • CLXXVII Roman Numerals
      • CLXXVIII Roman Numerals
      • CLXXIX Roman Numerals
      • CLXXX Roman Numerals
      • CLXXXI Roman Numerals
      • CLXXXII Roman Numerals
      • CLXXXIII Roman Numerals
      • CLXXXIV Roman Numerals
      • CLXXXV Roman Numerals
      • CLXXXVI Roman Numerals
      • CLXXXVII Roman Numerals
      • CLXXXVIII Roman Numerals
      • CLXXXIX Roman Numerals
      • CXC Roman Numerals
      • CXCI Roman Numerals
      • CXCII Roman Numerals
      • CXCIII Roman Numerals
      • CXCIV Roman Numerals
      • CXCV Roman Numerals
      • CXCVI Roman Numerals
      • CXCVII Roman Numerals
      • CXCVIII Roman Numerals
      • CXCIX in Roman Numerals
      • CC Roman Numerals
      • 3 in Roman Numerals
      • 4 in Roman Numerals
      • 5 in Roman Numerals
      • 6 in Roman Numerals
      • 7 in Roman Numerals
      • 8 in Roman Numerals
      • 9 in Roman Numerals
      • 10 in Roman Numerals
      • 11 in Roman Numerals
      • 12 in Roman Numerals
      • 13 in Roman Numerals
      • 14 in Roman Numerals
      • 15 in Roman Numerals
      • 16 in Roman Numerals
      • 18 in Roman Numerals
      • 19 in Roman Numerals
      • 20 in Roman Numerals
      • 22 in Roman Numerals
      • 30 in Roman Numerals
      • 50 in Roman Numerals
      • 100 in Roman Numerals
      • 500 in Roman Numerals
      • 1000 in Roman Numerals
      • SAMPLE >
        • TEMP XVII Roman Numerals
    • Percentage Increase Calculator
    • Linear Equations >
      • Two-Variable Linear Equations Test with Answers
      • One Variable Linear Equations >
        • Ax=B Linear Equation Calculator
        • Ax=B Linear Equation Practice Test
    • Decimal Places Value Chart
    • Cone Volume Calculator
    • Rounding Calculator >
      • Round 15 to the nearest ten
      • Round 75 to the nearest ten
      • Round 35 to the nearest ten
      • Round 5 to the nearest ten
      • Round 3 to the Nearest Ten
    • Factor Calculator >
      • Factor of 36
      • Factor of 30
      • Factor of 32
      • Factor of 35
      • Factor of 39
      • Factor of 33
      • Factor of 34
      • Factor of 3
      • Factor of 3/4
      • Factor of 38
    • Radius of a Circle
    • Fraction Calculator
    • Perfect Square Calculator >
      • Is 1 a perfect square
      • Is 2 a perfect square
      • Is 8 a perfect square
      • Is 9 a perfect square
      • Is 16 a perfect square
      • Is 20 a perfect square
      • Is 36 a perfect square
      • Is 49 a perfect square
      • Is 81 a perfect square
      • Is 125 a perfect square
    • Random Number Generator
    • Horizontal Line
    • X and Y Axis
    • Root Calculator
    • Square Root Calculator >
      • Square root of 2
      • Square root of 8
      • Square root of 5
      • Square root of 4
      • Square root of 3
      • Square root of 64
      • Square root of 10
      • Square root of 16
      • Square root of 25
      • Square root of 12
      • Square root of 50
      • Square root of 20
      • Square root of 9
      • Square root of 100
      • Square root of 36
      • Square root of 6
      • Square root of 49
      • Square root of 1
      • Square root of 32
      • Square root of 40
      • Square root of 81
      • Square root of 18
      • Square root of 72
      • Square root of 13
      • Square root of 80
      • Square root of 45
    • Log Calculator
    • Inequality Symbols
    • Exponent calculator
    • Decimal to Fraction Calculator
    • Fraction to Percent Calculator
    • Scale Factor
  • Unit Conversion
    • Celsius to Fahrenheit Converter >
      • 37 C to F
    • Fahrenheit to Celsius Converter >
      • 68 F to C
    • Kilograms to Pounds Converter >
      • 60 kg to lb
      • 80 kg to lbs
      • 150 kg to lbs
      • 100 kg to lbs
      • 50 kg to lbs
    • Pounds to Kilograms Converter >
      • 1 lb to kg
      • 10 lb to kg
      • 40 lb to kg
      • 50 lb to kg
      • 60 lb to kg
      • 90 lb to kg
      • 100 lb to kg
      • 130 lb to kg
      • 150 lb to kg
    • Fluid Ounces to Milliliters
    • Kilometers to Miles Converter >
      • 1 kilometer to miles
      • 5 km to miles
      • 10 km to miles
      • 15 km to miles
      • 20 km to miles
      • 50 km to miles
      • 100 km to miles
    • Miles to Kilometers Conversion >
      • 1 mile to kilometers
      • 5 miles to km
      • 10 miles to km
      • 15 miles to km
      • 20 miles to km
    • KPH to MPH Converter >
      • 300 kph to mph
    • Millimeters to Inches Converter
    • Meters to Feet Converter >
      • 1 Meter to Feet
      • 2 Meters to Feet
      • 3 Meters to Feet
      • 5 Meters to Feet
      • 10 Meters to Feet
      • 20 Meters to Feet
      • 30 Meters to Feet
      • 50 Meters to Feet
      • 100 Meters to Feet
    • Centimeters to Inches Converter >
      • 2 cm to inches
      • 3 cm to inches
      • 5 cm to inches
      • 8 cm to inches
      • 10 cm to inches
      • 12 cm to inches
      • 14 cm to inches
      • 15 cm to inches
      • 17 cm to inches
      • 18 cm to inches
      • 20 cm to inches
      • 21 cm to inches
      • 25 cm to inches
      • 28 cm to inches
      • 30 cm to inches
      • 35 cm to inches
      • 40 cm to inches
      • 50 cm to inches
      • 60 cm to inches
      • 36 cm to inches
      • 45 cm to inches
      • 70 cm to inches
      • 80 cm to inches
      • 90 cm to inches
      • 100 cm to inches
      • 120 cm to inches
      • 150 cm to inches
  • Date & Time
    • Time Conversion Chart
    • Military Times Chart
    • Time Zone
    • Age Calculator
  • Test Prep
    • SAT Practice Test Math
    • Math Practice Test HiSET
    • Acing the SAT: A Comprehensive and Actionable Study Guide
    • GMAT Practice Questions Math with Answers and Explanations
    • GMAT Math Formulas Sheet
    • Math Practice Test for GED with Answers and Explanations
    • Math Problems to Solve | Practice Test
    • Free Practice TEAS Test
    • CFA Sample Practice Questions | Level 3| Answers and Explanations
    • CFA Level 2 Practice Exam Questions
    • How to Prepare for CFA level 1: An Actionable Study Guide
    • ​GRE Practice Math Questions | Free | Answers & Explanations
    • Formulas for GRE Math Section
    • ACT Practice Test with Answers and Explanations
    • CFA Practice Questions for level 1
    • CPA Practice Questions
    • ASVAB Practice Test
    • IQ Test
    • How many hours to study for CPA
    • How to Excel in Your CPA Exams: A Comprehensive Preparation Guide
  • Blog
  • Contact Us
    • Advertise Here
    • Privacy Policy
    • Useful Calculators and Converters
  • Español
    • XVIII Roman Numerals
    • XIX Roman Numerals
    • XX Roman Numerals
    • XXI Roman Numerals
    • XVIII Roman Numerals
    • XXII Roman Numerals
    • XXIII Roman Numerals
    • XXIV Roman Numerals
    • XXV Roman Numerals
    • XXVI Roman Numerals
    • XXVII Roman Numerals
    • XXVIII Roman Numerals
    • XXIX Roman Numerals
    • XXX Roman Numerals
    • XXXI Roman Numerals
    • XXXII Roman Numerals
    • XXXIII Roman Numerals
    • XXXIV Roman Numerals
    • XXXV Roman Numerals
    • XXXVI Roman Numerals
    • XXXVII Roman Numerals
    • XXXVIII Roman Numerals
    • XXXIX Roman Numerals
    • XL Roman Numerals
    • XLI Roman Numerals
    • XLII Roman Numerals
    • XLIII Roman Numerals
    • XLIV Roman Numerals
    • XLV Roman Numerals
    • XLVI Roman Numerals
    • XLVII Roman Numerals
    • XLVIII Roman Numerals
    • XLIX Roman Numerals
    • L Roman Numerals
    • LI Roman Numerals
    • LII Roman Numerals
    • LIII Roman Numerals
    • LIV Roman Numerals
    • LV Roman Numerals
    • LVI Roman Numerals
    • LVII Roman Numerals
    • LVIII Roman Numerals
    • LIX Roman Numerals
    • LX Roman Numerals
    • LXI Roman Numerals
    • LXII Roman Numerals
    • LXIII Roman Numerals
    • LXIV Roman Numerals
    • LXV Roman Numerals
    • XVIII Roman Numerals
    • TEMP XVII Roman Numerals
    • XVIII Roman Numerals >
      • TEMP XVII Roman Numerals
  • Margin Calculator
  • Circumference Calculator
  • Simple Interest Calculator
  • Money Counter
  • Average Calculator
  • Dice Roller
  • Mole Calculator
  • Sig Fig Calculator
  • Right Triangle Calculator
  • What is a Residual in Statistics?
  • Left Skewed vs. Right Skewed Distributions
  • How to Find Variance on ti 84
  • Real Life Examples of Correlation
  • Time Duration Calculator
  • BMI Calculator

Roman Numerals | Comprehensive Guide

Roman numerals, a system of numerical representation that originated in ancient Rome, remain a fascinating topic for mathematicians and historians alike. These numbers are still prevalent in various contexts, from clock faces to movie credits. In this comprehensive article, we will explore the history, structure, and usage of Roman numerals, as well as delve into calculations using these ancient numbers.

Basic Roman Numerals and Their Values

The Roman numeral system utilizes a combination of seven basic symbols, each representing a specific value. The symbols and their corresponding values are as follows:
roman numerals chart
Roman Numerals Chart
File Size: 151 kb
File Type: pdf
Download File

These symbols can be combined and arranged in specific ways to represent a wide range of numbers. 

Roman Numerals from 1 to 100

The Roman Numerals 1-100 chart below provides a clear and organized overview of numbers represented in the ancient Roman numeral system.
Roman Numerals Chart

Roman Numerals 1 to 100 Chart

Arabic Roman Arabic Roman Arabic Roman
1 I 2 II 3 III
4 IV 5 V 6 VI
7 VII 8 VIII 9 IX
10 X 11 XI 12 XII
13 XIII 14 XIV 15 XV
16 XVI 17 XVII 18 XVIII
19 XIX 20 XX 21 XXI
22 XXII 23 XXIII 24 XXIV
25 XXV 26 XXVI 27 XXVII
28 XXVIII 29 XXIX 30 XXX
31 XXXI 32 XXXII 33 XXXIII
34 XXXIV 35 XXXV 36 XXXVI
37 XXXVII 38 XXXVIII 39 XXXIX
40 XL 41 XLI 42 XLII
43 XLIII 44 XLIV 45 XLV
46 XLVI 47 XLVII 48 XLVIII
49 XLIX 50 L 51 LI
52 LII 53 LIII 54 LIV
55 LV 56 LVI 57 LVII
58 LVIII 59 LIX 60 LX
61 LXI 62 LXII 63 LXIII
64 LXIV 65 LXV 66 LXVI
67 LXVII 68 LXVIII 69 LXIX
70 LXX 71 LXXI 72 LXXII
73 LXXIII 74 LXXIV 75 LXXV
76 LXXVI 77 LXXVII 78 LXXVIII
79 LXXIX 80 LXXX 81 LXXXI
82 LXXXII 83 LXXXIII 84 LXXXIV
85 LXXXV 86 LXXXVI 87 LXXXVII
88 LXXXVIII 89 LXXXIX 90 XC
91 XCI 92 XCII 93 XCIII
94 XCIV 95 XCV 96 XCVI
97 XCVII 98 XCVIII 99 XCIX
100 C


Check out a roman numerals chart page to download a roman numerals chart from 1 to 100.

Rules for Reading and Writing Roman Numerals

Repeating a symbol up to three times: A symbol can be repeated up to three times in a row to represent the sum of the repeated values. For example:
  • III represents 3 (1 + 1 + 1)
  • XX represents 20 (10 + 10)

Positioning a smaller numeral in front of a larger one: When a smaller numeral precedes a larger one, the value of the smaller numeral is deducted from the larger numeral. For example:
  • IV represents 4 (5 - 1)
  • IX represents 9 (10 - 1)

Placing a smaller numeral after a larger numeral: If a smaller numeral is placed after a larger numeral, the smaller numeral is added to the larger numeral. For example:
  • VI represents 6 (5 + 1)
  • VII represents 7 (5 + 1 + 1)

No more than three symbols in a row: As mentioned earlier, the same symbol cannot be repeated more than three times in a row. Instead, subtraction is used. For example: 
  • XL represents 40 (50 - 10), not XXXX

History of Roman Numerals

Roman numerals are believed to have originated in ancient Rome, around 500 BCE. The system likely evolved from Etruscan numerals, which were used by the Etruscans – a civilization that preceded the Romans in Italy. The Roman numeral system was adopted and adapted by the Romans for commercial, political, and military purposes, becoming the standard method for representing numbers throughout the Roman Empire.

Roman Numerals in Today's Worlds

Although the Roman numeral system is no longer widely used for mathematical operations, it remains a part of our cultural heritage. Some examples of their presence in contemporary society include:
 
  • Clock faces: Roman numerals are often used on clock faces to represent the hours.
  • Book chapters and volumes: They are used to number chapters, volumes, and sections in books, especially in classical literature.
  • Movie and television credits: Roman numerals are used to represent the production year in movie and television credits.
  • Monarchs and popes: They are used in the names of monarchs and popes, such as Queen Elizabeth II and Pope Francis I.

Calculations with Roman Numerals

Performing calculations with Roman numerals can be a bit challenging due to their unique structure. Here are some basic steps for performing addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division with Roman numerals:
 
Addition:
a. Write the numerals to be added next to each other.
b. Combine the symbols, starting with the largest value and working down to the smallest.
c. Simplify the resulting numeral by applying the rules for reading and writing Roman numerals.
 
Example: XIV (14) + IX (9)
XIVIX -> XXIIIIIII -> XXIII (23)
 
Subtraction:
a. Write the numerals with the larger number first, followed by the smaller number.
b. Borrow symbols from the larger number, if necessary, to enable subtraction.
c. Remove the symbols of the smaller number from the larger number.
d. Simplify the resulting numeral by applying the rules for reading and writing Roman numerals.
 
Example: XLV (45) - XXVIII (28)
XLV - XXVIII -> XVII (17)
 
Multiplication:
a. Write the numerals to be multiplied next to each other.
b. Convert the numerals to Arabic numbers.
c. Perform the multiplication using Arabic numbers.
d. Convert the result back to Roman numerals.
 
Example: XII (12) * IV (4)
12 * 4 = 48 -> XLVIII (48)
 
Division:
a. Write the numerals to be divided next to each other.
b. Convert the numerals to Arabic numbers.
c. Perform the division using Arabic numbers, rounding down to the nearest whole number if necessary.
d. Convert the result back to Roman numerals.
 
Example: LXXXIV (84) ÷ VI (6)
84 ÷ 6 = 14 -> XIV (14)

Converting Between Roman and Arabic Numerals

Convert Roman numerals to Arabic numbers
To convert Roman numerals to numbers, follow these steps:
  1. Identify and note down the value of each Roman numeral symbol in the given string. Use the following values for reference:
    • I = 1
    • V = 5
    • X = 10
    • L = 50
    • C = 100
    • D = 500
    • M = 1,000
  2. Scan the string of Roman numerals from left to right, comparing the value of the current numeral with the value of the numeral immediately to its right.
  3. If the current numeral is less than the numeral to its right, subtract its value from the running total. This accounts for subtractive combinations, such as IV (4) or XC (90).
  4. If the current numeral is greater than or equal to the numeral to its right, add its value to the running total. This accounts for additive combinations, such as VI (6) or LXX (70).
  5. Repeat steps 2-4 for each numeral in the string, moving from left to right until the entire string has been processed.
  6. The final running total is the equivalent number in the Arabic numeral system.

For example, let's convert the Roman numeral "MCMLXXXIV" to a number:
  1. Identify the values: M = 1,000, C = 100, M = 1,000, L = 50, X = 10, X = 10, X = 10, I = 1, V = 5
  2. Start with M (1,000) and compare it to the following numeral, C (100). Since M is greater, add 1,000 to the running total.
  3. Compare C (100) to the following numeral, M (1,000). Since C is less, subtract 100 from the running total.
  4. Continue this process for the entire string.
  5. The running total will be: 1,000 - 100 + 1,000 + 50 + 10 + 10 + 10 - 1 + 5 = 1,984
Thus, the Roman numeral MCMLXXXIV is equivalent to the number 1,984.

Let's convert the Roman numeral "CCXLV" to a number:
  1. Identify the values: C = 100, C = 100, X = 10, L = 50, V = 5
  2. Start with the first C (100) and compare it to the following numeral, another C (100). Since both are equal, add 100 to the running total.
  3. Compare the second C (100) to the following numeral, X (10). Since C is greater, add 100 to the running total, which is now 200.
  4. Compare X (10) to the following numeral, L (50). Since X is less, subtract 10 from the running total, which is now 190.
  5. Compare L (50) to the following numeral, V (5). Since L is greater, add 50 to the running total, which is now 240.
  6. As V (5) is the last numeral, simply add its value to the running total, which is now 245.
Thus, the Roman numeral CCXLV is equivalent to the number 245.
 
Convert Arabic numbers to Roman numerals

To change Arabic numbers to Roman numerals, follow these steps:
  1. Separate the Arabic number into different parts (thousands, hundreds, tens, and ones).
  2. For each part, find the matching Roman numeral(s) using these symbols and their values:
    • I = 1
    • IV = 4
    • V = 5
    • IX = 9
    • X = 10
    • XL = 40
    • L = 50
    • XC = 90
    • C = 100
    • CD = 400
    • D = 500
    • CM = 900
    • M = 1,000
  3. Put the Roman numerals for each part together, starting with the biggest part and going to the smallest.

​For example, let's change the number 1987 to a Roman numeral:
  1. Break the number into different parts: 1,000 + 900 + 80 + 7
  2. Find the matching Roman numerals for each part:
    • 1,000: M
    • 900: CM
    • 80: LXXX (50 + 10 + 10 + 10)
    • 7: VII (5 + 1 + 1)
  3. Put the Roman numerals together: M + CM + LXXX + VII
So, the Arabic number 1987 is the same as the Roman numeral MCMLXXXVII.

Roman Numerals in Chemistry

​Roman numerals are used in chemistry to indicate the oxidation states of transition metals in chemical compounds. This naming system, called the Stock system, helps differentiate between various oxidation states of a metal within a compound.
For example, in the compound FeCl₃, iron (Fe) has an oxidation state of +3, making it iron(III) chloride. In CuSO₄, copper (Cu) has an oxidation state of +2, so it's named copper(II) sulfate.
This use of Roman numerals allows chemists to clearly communicate the specific form of a compound, which is essential for understanding its properties and reactivity. It demonstrates the continued relevance of Roman numerals in modern scientific applications.

Fun Facts and Trivia

  • There is no symbol for zero in the Roman numeral system, as the concept of zero was not widely recognized in ancient Rome.
  • The largest number that can be represented using basic Roman numerals is 3,999 (MMMCMXCIX).
  • In ancient Rome, a different system called "Roman abacus notation" was used for complex calculations, with symbols representing larger numbers such as 5,000 and 10,000.
  • The Roman numeral system is an example of a non-positional numeral system, meaning that the position of a symbol does not affect its value. This is in contrast to positional numeral systems, such as the Arabic numeral system, where the position of a digit determines its value.

Roman numerals are an intriguing topic that connects us to the rich history of the ancient Roman civilization. Though not as practical as modern numerical systems for mathematical operations, Roman numerals continue to hold a special place in our culture and provide an interesting challenge for those wishing to explore their intricacies. If you find this article helpful please visit z-table.com for more math and statistics related resources.

Roman Numerals FAQs

Q: What is the largest Roman numeral possible? A: The largest Roman numeral that can be expressed using standard notation is 3,999, represented as MMMCMXCIX. To represent numbers larger than this, a bar or vinculum is placed above the numeral, indicating multiplication by 1,000.

Q: Why are Roman numerals used for the Super Bowl? A: Roman numerals are used for the Super Bowl to emphasize the grandeur and tradition of the event, adding a sense of history and prestige to the championship game.

Q: What is the Roman numeral for 1,000? A: The Roman numeral for 1,000 is M.

Q: What is the Roman numeral for 100? A: The Roman numeral for 100 is C.

Q: How many Roman numerals are there? A: Seven fundamental Roman numerals exist: I, V, X, L, C, D, and M, which correspond to the numbers 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000, respectively.

Q: Who invented Roman numerals? A: Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome, and their exact inventor is unknown. The system evolved over time and was influenced by earlier numeral systems, such as Etruscan numerals.

Q: How do you use Roman numerals? A: To use Roman numerals, combine the seven basic symbols (I, V, X, L, C, D, and M) using additive and subtractive principles. Additive combinations involve placing numerals of lower value to the right of numerals with higher value (e.g., VII for 7). Subtractive combinations involve placing a lower-value numeral to the left of a higher-value numeral to indicate subtraction (e.g., IX for 9).

Q: Why do we still use Roman numerals today? A: Even today, Roman numerals find usage in a range of applications such as labeling book chapters, movie sequels, clock dials, and the titles of royalty and popes. They also serve as a means to maintain tradition and convey a sense of history and prestige.
 
Q: What is the Roman numeral IV? A: The Roman numeral IV represents the number 4. It is a subtractive combination where I (1) is subtracted from V (5).

Q: What are Roman numerals? A: Roman numerals are a system of numerical notation originating in ancient Rome, utilizing a combination of seven letters from the Latin alphabet to represent numbers.

Q: What is the Roman numeral IX? A: The Roman numeral IX represents the number 9. It is a subtractive combination where I (1) is subtracted from X (10).

Q: What is the Roman numeral L? A: The Roman numeral L represents the number 50.

Q: What is the Roman numeral V? A: The Roman numeral V represents the number 5.

Q: What is the Roman numeral C? A: The Roman numeral C represents the number 100.

Q: Is there a Roman numeral for 0? A: No, there is no Roman numeral for 0, as the concept of zero was not widely recognized in ancient Rome.

Q: What is the Roman numeral LV? A: The Roman numeral LV represents the number 55. It is an additive combination where L (50) is added to V (5).

Q: What is the Roman numeral XVI? A: The Roman numeral XVI represents the number 16. It is an additive combination where X (10) is added to V (5) and I (1).

Q: What is the Roman numeral XLII? A: The Roman numeral XLII represents the number 42. It is a combination where X (10) is subtracted from L (50), and II (2) is added.

Q: What is the Roman numeral XI? A: The Roman numeral XI represents the number 11. It is an additive combination where X (10) is added to I (1).

Q: Are Roman numerals Latin? A: Yes, Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome and are part of the Latin numerical system. They were used throughout the Roman Empire and continued to be employed in the Latin-speaking Western world for centuries after the fall of Rome.

Q: Are Roman numerals capitalized? A: Roman numerals are typically written in uppercase letters (e.g., I, V, X, L, C, D, and M). However, some modern contexts might use lowercase letters (i, v, x, l, c, d, and m), but this is less common.

Q: Are Roman numerals numbers? A: Roman numerals represent numbers using a set of specific symbols, which have assigned numeric values. They are a different system for representing numbers compared to the Arabic numeral system, which uses the familiar digits 0-9.

Q: Are Roman numerals used in covalent compounds? A: No, Roman numerals are generally not used in naming covalent compounds. They are mainly employed to indicate oxidation states of transition metals in ionic compounds. The naming of covalent compounds follows a distinct method called the IUPAC nomenclature, which employs prefixes to signify the quantity of atoms for each constituent element in the compound.

Q: Are Roman numerals infinite? A: Roman numerals can be used to represent an infinite number of positive integers. However, they become increasingly complex and unwieldy for very large numbers. The Roman numeral system does not have a symbol for zero, and it is not suited for representing negative numbers or fractions.

Q: Are Roman numerals universal? A: While Roman numerals have been widely used throughout history and are still employed in certain contexts today, they are not universally adopted. The Arabic numeral system (0-9) has become the global standard for representing numbers in mathematics, science, and everyday life. Roman numerals continue to be used in specific situations, such as clock faces, book chapters, and movie sequels.

Proudly powered by Weebly
  • Z Table
    • Z Scores to Percentiles Chart
    • Z Score Calculator
    • Z Score Probability Calculator
    • Interactive Z Table
    • Z Score Formula
    • How to calculate the z score
    • How To Use Z-Score Table
    • Calculate Z-score
    • Parameters in Statistics
    • Z Score Chart Basics
    • History of Normal Distirbution
    • Statistics Z Score Jokes
    • When to Use Z Test vs T Test
    • Z Score Practice Problems
    • Confidence Interval Calculator >
      • Confidence Interval in Excel
      • 90 confidence interval z score
      • 95 Confidence Interval Z Score
      • 99 Confidence Interval Z Score
    • Z Score Confidence Interval
  • Statistics
    • Statistics Symbols
    • Statistics Formulas >
      • Binomial Coefficient
      • Empirical Rule
      • Correlation Coefficient
    • P Value Calculator >
      • P Value Calculator from Z Score
      • P Value Calculator from T Score
      • P Value Calculator from Chi-Square
      • P Value Calculator from F Ratio (ANOVA)
      • P Value Calculator from Pearson R
      • P Value Calculator Tukey's Q Score
    • Cumulative Binomial Probability Calculator
    • Normal CDF Calculator
    • Correlation Calculator
    • Probability Distribution Calculator
    • Interquartile Range Calculator
    • Empirical Rule Calculator
    • Mean, Median and Mode Calculator
    • Linear Regression Calculator
    • Sample Size Calculator
    • Other Statistical Tables >
      • T Value Table
      • Chi-Square Table
      • F Distribution Table
    • Standard Deviation Calculator
    • Normal vs Non-Normal Distribution: Understanding the Differences
    • Explanatory Variable: Understanding Its Role in Statistical Analysis
    • Independent variable vs dependent
    • Statistics Forum
  • Math
    • Combination Calculator
    • Permutation Calculator
    • Distance Between Two Points Calculator
    • Exploring 7 Unsolvable Math Problems >
      • Riemann Hypothesis
    • Math Problems >
      • Math Problems for 1st Graders
      • Math Problems for 2nd Graders
      • Math Problems for 3rd Graders
      • Math Problems for 4th Graders
      • Math Problems for 5th Graders
      • Math Problems for 6th Graders
      • Math Problems for 7th Graders
      • Math Problems for 8th Graders
      • Math Problems for 9th Graders
      • Math Problems for 10th Graders
      • Math Problems for 11th Graders
    • Times Tables >
      • 1 Times Table
      • 2 Times Table
      • 3 Times Table
      • 4 Times Table
      • 5 Times Table
      • 6 Times Table
      • 7 Times Table
      • 8 Times Table
      • 9 Times Table
      • 10 Times Table
    • Multiplication Tables >
      • Multiplication Table by 20
      • Multiplication Table by 19
      • Multiplication Table by 18
      • Multiplication Table by 17
      • Multiplication Table by 16
      • Multiplication Table by 15
      • Multiplication Table by 14
      • Multiplication Table by 13
      • Multiplication Table by 12
      • Multiplication Table by 11
      • Multiplication Table by 10
      • Multiplication Table by 9
      • Multiplication Table by 8
      • Multiplication Table by 7
      • Multiplication Table by 6
      • Multiplication Table by 5
      • Multiplication Table by 4
      • Multiplication Table by 3
    • Roman Numerals Chart
    • Roman Numerals >
      • Roman Numerals Converter
      • I Roman Numerals
      • II Roman Numerals
      • III Roman Numerals
      • IV Roman Numerals
      • V Roman Numerals
      • VI Roman Numerals
      • VII Roman Numerals
      • VIII Roman Numerals
      • IX Roman Numerals
      • X Roman Numerals
      • XI Roman Numerals
      • XII Roman Numerals
      • XIII Roman Numerals
      • XIV Roman Numerals
      • XV Roman Numerals
      • XVI Roman Numerals
      • XVII Roman Numerals
      • XVIII Roman Numerals
      • LXVI Roman Numerals
      • LXVII Roman Numerals
      • LXVIII Roman Numerals
      • LXIX Roman Numerals
      • LXX Roman Numerals
      • LXXI Roman Numerals
      • LXXII Roman Numerals
      • LXXIII Roman Numerals
      • LXXIV Roman Numerals
      • LXXV Roman Numerals
      • LXXVI Roman Numerals
      • LXXVII Roman Numerals
      • LXXVIII Roman Numerals
      • LXXIX Roman Numerals
      • LXXX Roman Numerals
      • LXXXI Roman Numerals
      • LXXXII Roman Numerals
      • LXXXIII Roman Numerals
      • LXXXIV Roman Numerals
      • LXXXV Roman Numerals
      • LXXXVI Roman Numerals
      • LXXXVII Roman Numerals
      • LXXXVIII Roman Numerals
      • LXXXIX Roman Numerals
      • XC Roman Numerals
      • XCI Roman Numerals
      • XCII Roman Numerals
      • XCIII Roman Numerals
      • XCIV Roman Numerals
      • XCV Roman Numerals
      • XCVI Roman Numerals
      • XCVII Roman Numerals
      • XCVIII Roman Numerals
      • XCIX Roman Numerals
      • C Roman Numerals
      • CI Roman Numerals
      • CII Roman Numerals
      • CIII Roman Numerals
      • CIV Roman Numerals
      • CV Roman Numerals
      • CVI Roman Numerals
      • CVII Roman Numerals
      • CVIII Roman Numerals
      • CIX Roman Numerals
      • CX Roman Numerals
      • CXI Roman Numerals
      • CXII Roman Numerals
      • CXIII Roman Numerals
      • CXIV Roman Numerals
      • CXV Roman Numerals
      • CXVI Roman Numerals
      • CXVII Roman Numerals
      • CXVIII Roman Numerals
      • CXIX Roman Numerals
      • CXX Roman Numerals
      • CXXI Roman Numerals
      • CXXII Roman Numerals
      • CXXIII Roman Numerals
      • CXXIV Roman Numerals
      • CXXV Roman Numerals
      • CXXVI Roman Numerals
      • CXXVII Roman Numerals
      • CXXVIII Roman Numerals
      • CXXIX Roman Numerals
      • CXXX Roman Numerals
      • CXXXI Roman Numerals
      • CXXXII Roman Numerals
      • CXXXIII Roman Numerals
      • CXXXIV Roman Numerals
      • CXXXV Roman Numerals
      • CXXXVI Roman Numerals
      • CXXXVII Roman Numerals
      • CXXXVIII Roman Numerals
      • CXXXIX Roman Numerals
      • CXL Roman Numerals
      • CXLI Roman Numerals
      • CXLII Roman Numerals
      • CXLIII Roman Numerals
      • CXLIV Roman Numerals
      • CXLV Roman Numerals
      • CXLVI Roman Numerals
      • CXLVII Roman Numerals
      • CXLVIII Roman Numerals
      • CXLIX Roman Numerals
      • CL Roman Numerals
      • CLI Roman Numerals
      • CLII Roman Numerals
      • CLIII Roman Numerals
      • CLIV Roman Numerals
      • CLV Roman Numerals
      • CLVI Roman Numerals
      • CLVII Roman Numerals
      • CLVIII Roman Numerals
      • CLIX Roman Numerals
      • CLX Roman Numerals
      • CLXI Roman Numerals
      • CLXII Roman Numerals
      • CLXIII Roman Numerals
      • CLXIV Roman Numerals
      • CLXV Roman Numerals
      • CLXVI Roman Numerals
      • CLXVII Roman Numerals
      • CLXVIII Roman Numerals
      • CLXIX Roman Numerals
      • CLXX Roman Numerals
      • CLXXI Roman Numerals
      • CLXXII Roman Numerals
      • CLXXIII Roman Numerals
      • CLXXIV Roman Numerals
      • CLXXV Roman Numerals
      • CLXXVI Roman Numerals
      • CLXXVII Roman Numerals
      • CLXXVIII Roman Numerals
      • CLXXIX Roman Numerals
      • CLXXX Roman Numerals
      • CLXXXI Roman Numerals
      • CLXXXII Roman Numerals
      • CLXXXIII Roman Numerals
      • CLXXXIV Roman Numerals
      • CLXXXV Roman Numerals
      • CLXXXVI Roman Numerals
      • CLXXXVII Roman Numerals
      • CLXXXVIII Roman Numerals
      • CLXXXIX Roman Numerals
      • CXC Roman Numerals
      • CXCI Roman Numerals
      • CXCII Roman Numerals
      • CXCIII Roman Numerals
      • CXCIV Roman Numerals
      • CXCV Roman Numerals
      • CXCVI Roman Numerals
      • CXCVII Roman Numerals
      • CXCVIII Roman Numerals
      • CXCIX in Roman Numerals
      • CC Roman Numerals
      • 3 in Roman Numerals
      • 4 in Roman Numerals
      • 5 in Roman Numerals
      • 6 in Roman Numerals
      • 7 in Roman Numerals
      • 8 in Roman Numerals
      • 9 in Roman Numerals
      • 10 in Roman Numerals
      • 11 in Roman Numerals
      • 12 in Roman Numerals
      • 13 in Roman Numerals
      • 14 in Roman Numerals
      • 15 in Roman Numerals
      • 16 in Roman Numerals
      • 18 in Roman Numerals
      • 19 in Roman Numerals
      • 20 in Roman Numerals
      • 22 in Roman Numerals
      • 30 in Roman Numerals
      • 50 in Roman Numerals
      • 100 in Roman Numerals
      • 500 in Roman Numerals
      • 1000 in Roman Numerals
      • SAMPLE >
        • TEMP XVII Roman Numerals
    • Percentage Increase Calculator
    • Linear Equations >
      • Two-Variable Linear Equations Test with Answers
      • One Variable Linear Equations >
        • Ax=B Linear Equation Calculator
        • Ax=B Linear Equation Practice Test
    • Decimal Places Value Chart
    • Cone Volume Calculator
    • Rounding Calculator >
      • Round 15 to the nearest ten
      • Round 75 to the nearest ten
      • Round 35 to the nearest ten
      • Round 5 to the nearest ten
      • Round 3 to the Nearest Ten
    • Factor Calculator >
      • Factor of 36
      • Factor of 30
      • Factor of 32
      • Factor of 35
      • Factor of 39
      • Factor of 33
      • Factor of 34
      • Factor of 3
      • Factor of 3/4
      • Factor of 38
    • Radius of a Circle
    • Fraction Calculator
    • Perfect Square Calculator >
      • Is 1 a perfect square
      • Is 2 a perfect square
      • Is 8 a perfect square
      • Is 9 a perfect square
      • Is 16 a perfect square
      • Is 20 a perfect square
      • Is 36 a perfect square
      • Is 49 a perfect square
      • Is 81 a perfect square
      • Is 125 a perfect square
    • Random Number Generator
    • Horizontal Line
    • X and Y Axis
    • Root Calculator
    • Square Root Calculator >
      • Square root of 2
      • Square root of 8
      • Square root of 5
      • Square root of 4
      • Square root of 3
      • Square root of 64
      • Square root of 10
      • Square root of 16
      • Square root of 25
      • Square root of 12
      • Square root of 50
      • Square root of 20
      • Square root of 9
      • Square root of 100
      • Square root of 36
      • Square root of 6
      • Square root of 49
      • Square root of 1
      • Square root of 32
      • Square root of 40
      • Square root of 81
      • Square root of 18
      • Square root of 72
      • Square root of 13
      • Square root of 80
      • Square root of 45
    • Log Calculator
    • Inequality Symbols
    • Exponent calculator
    • Decimal to Fraction Calculator
    • Fraction to Percent Calculator
    • Scale Factor
  • Unit Conversion
    • Celsius to Fahrenheit Converter >
      • 37 C to F
    • Fahrenheit to Celsius Converter >
      • 68 F to C
    • Kilograms to Pounds Converter >
      • 60 kg to lb
      • 80 kg to lbs
      • 150 kg to lbs
      • 100 kg to lbs
      • 50 kg to lbs
    • Pounds to Kilograms Converter >
      • 1 lb to kg
      • 10 lb to kg
      • 40 lb to kg
      • 50 lb to kg
      • 60 lb to kg
      • 90 lb to kg
      • 100 lb to kg
      • 130 lb to kg
      • 150 lb to kg
    • Fluid Ounces to Milliliters
    • Kilometers to Miles Converter >
      • 1 kilometer to miles
      • 5 km to miles
      • 10 km to miles
      • 15 km to miles
      • 20 km to miles
      • 50 km to miles
      • 100 km to miles
    • Miles to Kilometers Conversion >
      • 1 mile to kilometers
      • 5 miles to km
      • 10 miles to km
      • 15 miles to km
      • 20 miles to km
    • KPH to MPH Converter >
      • 300 kph to mph
    • Millimeters to Inches Converter
    • Meters to Feet Converter >
      • 1 Meter to Feet
      • 2 Meters to Feet
      • 3 Meters to Feet
      • 5 Meters to Feet
      • 10 Meters to Feet
      • 20 Meters to Feet
      • 30 Meters to Feet
      • 50 Meters to Feet
      • 100 Meters to Feet
    • Centimeters to Inches Converter >
      • 2 cm to inches
      • 3 cm to inches
      • 5 cm to inches
      • 8 cm to inches
      • 10 cm to inches
      • 12 cm to inches
      • 14 cm to inches
      • 15 cm to inches
      • 17 cm to inches
      • 18 cm to inches
      • 20 cm to inches
      • 21 cm to inches
      • 25 cm to inches
      • 28 cm to inches
      • 30 cm to inches
      • 35 cm to inches
      • 40 cm to inches
      • 50 cm to inches
      • 60 cm to inches
      • 36 cm to inches
      • 45 cm to inches
      • 70 cm to inches
      • 80 cm to inches
      • 90 cm to inches
      • 100 cm to inches
      • 120 cm to inches
      • 150 cm to inches
  • Date & Time
    • Time Conversion Chart
    • Military Times Chart
    • Time Zone
    • Age Calculator
  • Test Prep
    • SAT Practice Test Math
    • Math Practice Test HiSET
    • Acing the SAT: A Comprehensive and Actionable Study Guide
    • GMAT Practice Questions Math with Answers and Explanations
    • GMAT Math Formulas Sheet
    • Math Practice Test for GED with Answers and Explanations
    • Math Problems to Solve | Practice Test
    • Free Practice TEAS Test
    • CFA Sample Practice Questions | Level 3| Answers and Explanations
    • CFA Level 2 Practice Exam Questions
    • How to Prepare for CFA level 1: An Actionable Study Guide
    • ​GRE Practice Math Questions | Free | Answers & Explanations
    • Formulas for GRE Math Section
    • ACT Practice Test with Answers and Explanations
    • CFA Practice Questions for level 1
    • CPA Practice Questions
    • ASVAB Practice Test
    • IQ Test
    • How many hours to study for CPA
    • How to Excel in Your CPA Exams: A Comprehensive Preparation Guide
  • Blog
  • Contact Us
    • Advertise Here
    • Privacy Policy
    • Useful Calculators and Converters
  • Español
    • XVIII Roman Numerals
    • XIX Roman Numerals
    • XX Roman Numerals
    • XXI Roman Numerals
    • XVIII Roman Numerals
    • XXII Roman Numerals
    • XXIII Roman Numerals
    • XXIV Roman Numerals
    • XXV Roman Numerals
    • XXVI Roman Numerals
    • XXVII Roman Numerals
    • XXVIII Roman Numerals
    • XXIX Roman Numerals
    • XXX Roman Numerals
    • XXXI Roman Numerals
    • XXXII Roman Numerals
    • XXXIII Roman Numerals
    • XXXIV Roman Numerals
    • XXXV Roman Numerals
    • XXXVI Roman Numerals
    • XXXVII Roman Numerals
    • XXXVIII Roman Numerals
    • XXXIX Roman Numerals
    • XL Roman Numerals
    • XLI Roman Numerals
    • XLII Roman Numerals
    • XLIII Roman Numerals
    • XLIV Roman Numerals
    • XLV Roman Numerals
    • XLVI Roman Numerals
    • XLVII Roman Numerals
    • XLVIII Roman Numerals
    • XLIX Roman Numerals
    • L Roman Numerals
    • LI Roman Numerals
    • LII Roman Numerals
    • LIII Roman Numerals
    • LIV Roman Numerals
    • LV Roman Numerals
    • LVI Roman Numerals
    • LVII Roman Numerals
    • LVIII Roman Numerals
    • LIX Roman Numerals
    • LX Roman Numerals
    • LXI Roman Numerals
    • LXII Roman Numerals
    • LXIII Roman Numerals
    • LXIV Roman Numerals
    • LXV Roman Numerals
    • XVIII Roman Numerals
    • TEMP XVII Roman Numerals
    • XVIII Roman Numerals >
      • TEMP XVII Roman Numerals
  • Margin Calculator
  • Circumference Calculator
  • Simple Interest Calculator
  • Money Counter
  • Average Calculator
  • Dice Roller
  • Mole Calculator
  • Sig Fig Calculator
  • Right Triangle Calculator
  • What is a Residual in Statistics?
  • Left Skewed vs. Right Skewed Distributions
  • How to Find Variance on ti 84
  • Real Life Examples of Correlation
  • Time Duration Calculator
  • BMI Calculator